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Page 1 Page 2 Page 3

Correct.
Click on a component, pull the circuit apart, and try again.

**BASIC
ELECTRONICS COURSE Page 2

Question 28: How can you make a 292 ohm resistor?
Ans: This is an unusual request but two resistors from the “standard range” of resistors can be placed in series and the final resistance is the ADDITION of the two values. You will learn more about this later but the two standard values to use are 220 ohm and 68 ohm, making a total of 220 + 68 = 288 ohm.

To see the pages on RESISTORS IN SERIES - you need to subscribe

Question 29: How do you connect resistors in parallel?

Ans: See animation:

Question 29a: Can you make a 292 ohm resistor with resistors in parallel?

Ans: Yes you can, but the maths is very complex.

To see the pages on RESISTORS IN PARALLEL - you need to subscribe
TEST:
Drag the components to the correct position on the map. Click to release:Question 30: The resistor is a common component in an electronic circuit. Name another common component.

Ans: the capacitor.

There are a number of different types of capacitor and here are 4 from our Library of Symbols: (you need to subscribe to access the Library)

Question 31: How does a capacitor work?

Ans: When a voltage is connected to a capacitor it charges up. It’s a bit like charging the battery in your mobile phone. In fact the mobile phone battery can be considered to be a very large capacitor.

Question 32: Does a capacitor “fill up” (charge) at a constant rate?

Ans: No. A fully discharged capacitor fills up (charges) at a fast rate at the beginning of its charge-cycle and and fills-up at a slower and slower rate. It’s a bit like filling a car with petrol. The driver fills up quickly at the beginning and as he know the tank is getting full, he slows down the flow of petrol. With a capacitor, this charge-rate is a natural phenomena.

Question 33: Why does a capacitor “fill-up” at a slower and slower rate?

Ans: It’s to do with the voltage of the supply that is charging the capacitor.
Another name for voltage is “pressure.” When a capacitor is uncharged, it
has zero voltage across it (in it) and the pressure of the supply voltage will allow a high current to flow and this will begin to charge the capacitor very quickly.
As it gets charged, a voltage builds up across the capacitor and this opposes the voltage of the supply. The result is the supply voltage sees and opposing voltage and thus it does not have as much “pressure” as before to deliver the current into the capacitor and the “rate of charge” decreases. The “time-lapse animation below shows how the capacitor fills up quickly at the beginning and the filling process slows down.
The graph shows the voltage across the capacitor does not rise in a linear (straight line).
All you have to remember is the fact that a capacitor does not charge in a linear fashion but if you consider the first part of the charging curve, the rise is fairly linear!

Question 34: Can we charge a capacitor then connect the capacitor to a LED?

Ans: Yes. The LED will illuminate brightly then gradually dim as shown in the animation:

WHAT HAVE WE COVERED?

We have shown how to connect a LED to a supply (a supply voltage) and turn it on by selecting a suitable current limiting resistor to give the required illumination.
The resistor can be a single resistor or two resistors in series. We have shown that the total resistance of two resistors in series is the ADDITION of their resistance values. The LED must be connected to a supply around the correct way, with the anode lead to the positive rail and the cathode lead to the negative rail, via a current limiting resistor. The voltage that develops across a LED when it is operating is called the “characteristic voltage” and for a red LED this is 1.7v. The maximum current for a LED is 25mA and the correct current limiting resistor value can be worked out using Ohms Law.
We have shown how a capacitor charges when connected to a supply voltage. The charge-rate is not linear but that will be explained in more detail later. A capacitor is like a rechargeable battery. It can be charged and its energy used to operate a device.

**From your instructor:
As you work through this course, you will be asking “where does it lead me?”
It will take a few pages to see the theory we are covering is both simple and complex at the same time! And it’s all being done without the frustration of mathematics and frustrating questioning.
One of the main areas where electronics is showing its potential in the world around us, is toys. We have seen the Furby, the Timogotchie, talking parrot and computer chess game. All these were an enormous leap for electronics at the time and the same quantum leap can occur today. Electronics has only reached a few percent of its potential and every year the capability broadens.
The heart of many electronics-based products lies in a chip called a microcontroller. This is a completely empty chip that can be programmed to perform almost any task. If you look at the Furby, it displays walking, talking, responding to stimuli and creating an impression of “intelligence.”
We have just mentioned the greatest aim of all electronics programmers. To produce a product that appears to have intelligence.
You are in luck. This is the aim of this course.
The basic electronics section is designed to teach you about circuits (building blocks) to connect (interface) a microcontroller to the outside world. It is necessary to connect photocells (light cells), microphones, motors and speakers etc to the “micro” so that the project can perform its magic.
The pages of this course cover three main areas:

1. Basic electronics
2. Microcontroller Programming
3. Construction of projects.
   To complete this course you have to cover all three areas.
   However the main area is projects. As you work your way through the course, projects will be available “at the click of a button.” Some will be very simple and you may be tempted to skip over them. It’s a bit like leaving out the long-division section of mathematics. Some day you will need it. Every kit introduces a different building block and you need all these blocks if you want to start designing your own projects.
   It’s a simple equation. The more “hands on” practical knowledge you gain, the more adept and confident you will be as a design engineer.
   You may not be enthusiastic about designing the next generation of toys, but this is just one of the areas where you can produce a product, launch it on the market and see an enormous return, all within 12 months.
   Alongside toys are all those other devices that have hit the market in recent times: Beeping keychains, LED torches, Laser pointers, solid state memo recorders, spy cameras, alcohol detectors, smoke alarms - and the list goes on. All have made a fortune for their inventor.
   Don’t be like the US Patents Office. About 50 years ago it was going to be closed down because “everything had been invented.” Invention breeds invention. Who would have thought the flexibility of a Rubiks’ cube could be possible?
   Ideas come from ideas.
   Every day I think of ideas that could be invented to improve a certain situation.
   All you have to do is be in the right place at the right time.
   And if you have the capability of creating the product to meet the situation, you can be a winner.
   Look at the inventor of the “Super Soaker.” Simply a garden hose with a jet for children to play under, on a hot day. He has sold millions of items.
   The advantage of electronics is simplicity. You don’t need complex manufacturing processes to produce your product. You can simply produce the first prototype for a few dollars and have it accessed. Obviously there will be some developmental costs but due to the universal nature of electronic componentry, you can produce the product yourself.
   Now here’s the exciting part.
   The heart of anything you design will be the program in the microcontroller. By using the latest range of microcontrollers, the program within the chip and will not be available to any outside source. This means anything you design will be protected from copying.
   This is one of the greatest advances in electronics. Your intellectual input can now be kept safe from prying eyes.
   That’s the path we will be following. You have started now, so keep it up. It’s the most rewarding, interesting career you can take.
   I will contact you again later,

Colin Mitchell.
Course Instructor.